Thirteenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems edited
نویسندگان
چکیده
Evolutionary adaptation to a new environment depends on theavailability of beneficial alleles. Beneficial alleles may ap-pear as new mutations or may come from standing geneticvariation—alleles already present in the population prior tothe environmental change. Adaptation from standing geneticvariation in sexually-reproducing populations is expected tobe faster than from new mutations because beneficial alle-les from standing genetic variation occur at a higher start-ing frequency and are immediately available. The distribu-tion of fitness effects of alleles from standing genetic varia-tion are expected to be different from that of new mutationsbecause standing genetic variation has been ‘pre-tested’ byselection. Whether adaptation uses standing genetic varia-tion or new mutations as a source of beneficial alleles is un-known. In this study, I conducted experimental evolution ofdigital organisms to determine the source of beneficial alle-les during adaptation. I also tested the speed of adaptationand the fitness effect of alleles under these two sources of ge-netic variation. I found that the major source of beneficialalleles after an environmental change was standing geneticvariation, but new mutations were necessary for long-termevolution. I also found that adaptation from standing geneticvariation was faster than from new mutations, and the meanfitness effect of alleles from standing genetic variation wereneutral, whereas new mutations were deleterious. Interest-ingly, I found that an important advantage of standing geneticvariation was that recombination appeared to bring togetherbeneficial combinations of alleles from standing genetic vari-ation. These results support the hypothesis that adaptationoccurs mostly from standing genetic variation and provide anadditional advantage for such adaptation.
منابع مشابه
11 th International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems 2008 ( Artificial Life XI )
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تاریخ انتشار 2012